For both a direct application and an application under the Madrid System, the time limit for filing a response to the JPO is three months from the mailing date of the office action when the applicant is resident outside Japan.  Only the time limit for responding to a Notice of Reasons for Rejection can be extended for one month if a request for extension of time is filed within the time limit for filing a response; another two-month extension of time can be granted on request if the first one-month extension of time has been requested and granted.